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This includes a clade thought to be unique to Indonesia, as well as clades that spread from Thailand, Europe and America in the 1970s and 1980s.The study was made possible through a research collaboration between Kobe University and Indonesia’s Airlangga University, with funding from AMED’s J-GRID program (see acknowledgments). The group consisted of Professor Masanori Kameoka and Assistant Professor Tomohiro Kotaki (both from the Department of Public Health at Kobe University’s Graduate School of Health Sciences), Research Assistant Shuhei Ueda (Center for Infectious Diseases at Kobe University’s Graduate School of Medicine), Professor Nasronudin (Airlangga University) and Doctor Kazushi Motomura of the Osaka Institute of Public Health.These results were published in the international journal ‘Scientific Reports’ on September 27th, 2019.IntroductionHIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) develops into AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), which continues to be a major health threat since the first case was discovered in 1981.The genetic makeup of HIV adapts and changes easily. For example. HIV-1 M (Major) is the most widely spread type of HIV in the world, and for HIV-1 M alone, there are over one hundred strains within each of its nine subtypes.HIV-1’s subtype B (HIV-1B) is thought to have originated in the Democratic Republic of Congo in Central Africa, from where it spread to Haiti and America. It was subsequently transmitted to Europe and Asia, and is now found all over the globe.Consisting of over 17,500 islands, Indonesia has the fourth largest population in the world. It also has the most instances of HIV transmission in South East Asia, with the CRF01_AE form as the predominant subtype. HIV-1 subtype B (HIV-1B) is also widely prevalent. Although rates of infection have been decreasing in Indonesia, it still remains a significant public health issue. However, many aspects regarding the origins, transmission and evolution of the virus in Indonesia are not well understood.MethodologyFor this research, peripheral blood samples were taken from HIV patients at medical institutions on Indonesia’s main islands of Java, Sumatra, Papua, Sulawesi and various others. Thirty two sequences of HIV-1B genes were identified. The evolution of these genes was then analyzed using a database of closely related HIV-1B sequences. These phylogenetic analyses revealed that the main type of HIV-1B in Indonesia is the Indonesian clade, followed by Chinese and American clades.Subsequent in-depth analysis of the molecular phylogeny of these three clades revealed how they may have travelled to Indonesia. The results suggest that the Indonesian clade originated in America. It is then thought to have developed into a unique strain in Indonesia after arriving in the country in the latter half of the 1980s. The Chinese clade spread from Thailand in the late 80s, with the American clade being transmitted via Europe in the mid-80s (Figure 1). Overall, the research found that HIV-1B was introduced to Indonesia multiple times via Thailand, Europe and America throughout the 1970s and 1980s (with the earliest estimated introduction of the virus being around 1961).Figure 1: Worldwide Transmission of HIV-1 Subtype BPreviously known information regarding HIV-1B transmission is shown in black, with the routes illuminated by the current research analyses shown in orange.Further ResearchFurther analysis of other strains found in Indonesia will be carried out in order to understand more about virus origins and transmission. It is vital to accurately understand the molecular phylogeny of the virus as the number of HIV-1B strains continues to increase.To elucidate the relationship between these strains in more detail, further genome information needs to be collected in South-East Asian countries. It is hoped that the data accumulated will be utilized for the worldwide prevention of widespread HIV transmission.AcknowledgementsThis research was made possible with support from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)’s Japan Initiative for Global Research Network on Infectious Diseases (J-GRID) Program.Journal informationTitle“Transmission dynamics of HIV-1 subtype B strains in Indonesia”DOI10.1038/s41598-019-50491-8AuthorsShuhei Ueda, Adiana Mutamsari Witaningrum, Siti Qamariyah Khairunisa, Tomohiro Kotaki, Kazushi Motomura, Nasronudin, Masanori KameokaJournalScientific ReportsAccess at the Kobe University Repository KernelRelated linkSection of Virology, Division of Global Infectious Diseases, Department of Public HealthResearchersKAMEOKA MasanoriProfessorGraduate School of Health SciencesKotaki TomohiroGraduate School of Health SciencesSDGs)">Graduate School of Health SciencesGraduate School of MedicineCenter for Infectious DiseasesSHAREMore from these researchersPress releases2018.05.18Medicine, dentistry and pharmacologyGenome editing method targets AIDS virusMore about these topicsPress releases2018.05.31Medicine, dentistry and pharmacologyNext-generation sequencing sheds light on rotavirus in IndonesiaPress releases2017.11.06Medicine, dentistry and pharmacologyAsymptomatic infection helps norovirus to spread in IndonesiaPress releases2023.08.17Medicine, dentistry and pharmacologyAssessment of immunological reaction to mRNA SARS CoV-2 vaccine after administration of Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab, using B cell receptor repertoire analysisPress releases2022.11.10Medicine, dentistry and pharmacologyThick and sticky bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics, leading to high patient mortalityページの先頭へ1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, JAPANProspective studentsCurrent studentsAlumsCorporate and societyFaculty and staffContactAccessJobsOfficial social media accountsCampus calendarPrivacy policySite policySite map© Kobe University